Atmospheric humidity and genotype are key determinants of the diurnal stomatal conductance pattern

Great understanding of the genotypic difference in diurnal stomatal conductance (g_s) pattern and the key determinants of the pattern is important for saving water by adopting cultivars appropriately. Fifteen wheat genotypes were studied under different soil conditions and various meteorological conditions with pot cultivation in rain shelter for two years. Genotype and air humidity were found to be key determinants of diurnal g_s pattern. All genotypes under low relative humidity (LRH) and most genotypes under high relative humidity (HRH) displayed a gradual decline pattern from morning through the afternoon. Under moderate relative humidity (MRH), all genotypes present a single-peak curve pattern, but they differed in peak time, which may lead to unreliable g_s comparison between genotypes and get ostensible contrasting materials. The stomatal conductance was significantly different among genotypes under LRH and the increased g_s magnitude is also significantly different when it was compared between LRH and HRH. The present results provide new thinking for selecting and adopting appropriate cultivars with specific stomata traits for the area with various meteorological conditions.     

我国北部冬麦区小麦区域试验重复次数和试点数量的优化设计

农作物品种区域试验重复次数和试点数量的合理配置有利于提高试验的成本效率和品种选择效率。本研究分析了2010—2019年期间北部冬麦区小麦品种区域试验的重复次数和试点数量设置的合理性,依据小麦品种试验的信噪比和遗传力水平随重复次数和试点数量的变化规律,提出了重复次数和试点数量的优化设计方案。结果表明:(1)北部冬麦区小麦单点试验的遗传力平均达到0.87,需要的重复次数平均值仅为1.4,说明3次重复可以充分保证试验精确度的需求。(2)北部冬麦区水地组和旱地组小麦区域试验达到0.75的遗传力水平时,需要的试点数量分别为11个和13个,目前有效试点数量分别约为11个和8个,分别达到0.75和0.60的遗传力水平。(3)小麦品种区域试验结果对品种的审定和应用十分重要,而每年都可能有少数试验点因为各种异常情况而报废,为保证试验结果的可靠性,可按H=0.75的水平需求安排试验点数量和重复次数,即重复次数可保持当前的3次;水地组的试点数量可保持在11个左右;旱地组可将试点增加到13个;如要将遗传力提高到0.80的水平,则需约16个试点。     

Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.     

Calcium Signaling is Involved in Negative Phototropism ofRice Seminal Roots简

Calcium ions(Ca2+) act as an intracellular second messenger and affect nearly all aspects of cellular life. They are functioned by interacting with polar auxin transport, and the negative phototropism of plant roots is caused by the transport of auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side of the roots. To clarify the role of calcium signaling in the modulation of rice root negative phototropism, as well as the relationship between polar auxin transport and calcium signaling, calcium signaling reagents were used to treat rice seminal roots which were cultivated in hydroculture and unilaterally illuminated at an intensity of 100–200 μmol/(m2·s) for 24 h. Negative phototropism curvature and growth rate of rice roots were both promoted by exogenous CaCl2 lower than 100 μmol/L, but inhibited by calcium channel blockers(verapamil and LaCl3), calcineurin inhibitor(chlorpromazine, CPZ), and polar auxin transport inhibitor(N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, NPA). Roots stopped growing and negative phototropism disappeared when the concentrations increased to 100 μmol/L verapamil, 12.500 μmol/L LaCl3, 60 μmol/L CPZ, and 6 μmol/L NPA. Moreover, 100 μmol/L CaCl2 could relieve the inhibition of LaCl3, verapamil and NPA. The enhanced negative phototropism curvature was caused by the transportation of more auxin from the irradiated side to the shaded side in the presence of exogenous Ca2+. Calcium signaling plays a key role as a second messenger in the process of light signal regulation of rice root growth and negative phototropism.     

国审旱地小麦品种洛旱6号和洛旱7号需水特性研究

[目的]为了研究旱地小麦（Triticum aestivum Linn.）品种的需水特性,并合理安排其种植区域.[方法]小麦品种分别为洛旱6号、洛旱7号、晋麦47.3个灌水处理分别为不灌水（0水）、灌1水（1水）和灌2水（2水）.灌1水在越冬期灌越冬水,灌2水在越冬期与返青期灌水.灌水量均为900 m3/hm2.[结果]洛旱6号、洛旱7号实现了高产和抗旱的统一,同时具有较高的水分利用效率.在灌2水和不灌水条件下,洛旱6号的水分利用效率最高,在灌1水的条件下洛旱7号水分利用效率最高;洛旱6号适宜旱肥地麦田种植;洛旱7号适宜在扩灌区种植;晋麦47适宜旱薄地麦田种植.[结论]该研究可为小麦高效利用水资源、品种合理布局及高产高效生产提供科学依据.     

喷施微肥对小麦籽粒产量及微量元素含量的影响

[目的]探讨微量元素肥料对小麦生长发育和产量的影响,为合理施用微肥提供参考.[方法]以洛旱7号和洛麦22为材料,在小麦拔节中期、抽穗前（拔节末期）叶面喷施微肥,研究喷施微肥对小麦产量及产量构成因素、微量元素含量以及生物学产量的影响.[结果]施用锌、铁、硒3种微肥对小麦产量均有所提高;对产量构成因素的影响表现为喷施3种微肥后小麦千粒重、穗粒数、穗数均较对照有不同程度的增加,喷施锌肥和硒肥较显著提高了籽粒中锌和硒含量,施锌后籽粒锌含量较对照提高了2.48％和12.2％,喷施硒后小麦籽粒硒含量较对照提高了159.9％ ～ 717.7％,施铁后小麦籽粒铁含量较对照提高了1.4％、5.9％.[结论]在施氮、磷、钾的基础上配施微量元素肥料能提高小麦籽粒产量和小麦籽粒的微量元素含量.     

灌水次数对强筋小麦品种产量及品质的效应研究

[目的]探讨不同灌溉次数对小麦子粒产量、子粒营养品质和子粒加工品质的影响。[方法]采用两因素裂区试验设计,主区为灌水次数（3个水平）,副区为品种（2个水平）．共6个处理,重复3次。灌水次数为：W0全生育期不浇水;W1全生育期浇1水（拔节水）;W2全生育期浇2水（拔节水＋开花水）。小麦品种分别为郑麦7698和新麦26。[结果]灌水次数对强筋小麦品种产量的影响不尽相同,但总体趋势基本一致,即随灌水次数的增加,产量水平逐渐增加,并达显著差异水平。郑麦7698产量W1和W2极显著高于W0,且W1高于W2,但差异不显著。新麦26产量W2极显著高于W1和W0,W1和W0之间无显著差异。灌水次数对不同品种蛋白质舍量的影响不同;新麦26的蛋白质含量各灌水处理间无显著差异;郑麦7698蛋白质含量随灌水次数的增加呈逐渐升高的趋势,W2高于W1、W0,并达极显著差异水平,W1又高于W0,但没有达到显著差异。随着灌水次数的增加,湿面筋含量呈逐渐降低的趋势。郑麦7698湿面筋含量W0和W1极显著高于W2,W0和W1间无显著差异;新麦26湿面筋含量各灌水处理间无显著差异。稳定时间表现,郑麦7698的W2显著高于W0和W1,W0和W1间无显著差异;新麦26的W0显著高于W1和W2,W1和W2之间无显著差异。[结论]该研究可为我国黄淮麦区小麦的高产、优质、高效生产提供理论科学依据。     

石灰石粉施用量对重庆酸雨区马尾松林下木荷生长的影响

重庆是我国酸雨发生最早且其污染最严重的地区之一。由于长期遭受酸雨影响,这里的森林受害明显,经济和环境损失巨大。马尾松(Pinus massonianaLamb.)和木荷(Schima superbaGardn.etChamp.)都属于重庆的重要乡土树种,马尾松在造林中被广泛使用,木荷是优良的生物防火树种,并因     

黄淮海夏大豆“症青”现象发生原因初步探讨

针对近年来黄淮海地区大豆"症青"现象逐年加重的趋势,采用裂区设计研究了大豆叶面喷施硼酸、高效氯氰菊酯对不同大豆品种"症青"现象发生的影响。结果表明,相同播期条件下,不同大豆品种"症青"现象的发生程度差异显著;与喷清水(对照)相比,从6～7叶期开始用5%高效氯氰菊酯1 000倍液每周1次连续喷施5次,大豆"症青"株率(0.3%)和瘪荚率(10.81%)显著降低,分别下降了22.2个和25.9个百分点,相对单株产量为对照的2.53倍;喷硼酸的大豆症青"株率(20.0%)和瘪荚率(31.44%)仅下降2.5个和5.27个百分点,相对单株产量为对照的1.26倍,不同大豆品种对喷施硼酸的反应不一致,周豆19喷施硼酸后"症青"株株率和瘪荚率升高,相对单株产量下降,其他品种则表现出单株产量增加的趋势。研究结果初步表明,黄淮海夏大豆"症青"现象发生的主要原因可能在于虫害,但造成危害的害虫种类及发生规律有待进一步研究。     

非洲菊试管苗生根培养方法的优化

以非洲菊品种"大地黄"为试材,在非洲菊试管苗生根培养中采用2种液体培养方式同传统的含琼脂固体培养进行对比。结果表明:无支持物的液体培养在生根数、根长、根表面积等生根质量方面优于对照,移栽成活率最高,达96%。